CONTEMPORARY SECURITY CHALLENGES IN NIGERIA Perspectives on Peace Stability and Sustainable Development
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Conflict types and actors have changed significantly since the end of the Cold War in 1989. Before then, conflicts were mainly between states, while the actors were states. After 1989, and following the unexpected end of the ideological contestations between the Super-Power, the US and erstwhile USSR, there was a paradigmatic shift in the nature and pattern of conflict in Africa; they were mainly within states, while the actors were non-state actors. they are mostly initiators or major players; individuals and groups that believed they had a cause to fight for, or on a mission to change the world in their own image. Al Qaeda, Taliban, ISIS/ISIL, Boko Haram, ISWAP, among other non-state actors. These group exploited weak state institutions and started armed struggles that in extreme cases resulted in long, violent and debilitating ‘uncivil’ wars, most especially in our region, resulted in horrendous attrocities, acute human suffering and ultimately State collapse.
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